Study Guide For Immune System
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NIH Guide: STUDIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM STUDIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS AND THE IMMUNE SYSTEM NIH GUIDE, Volume 23, Number 11, March 18, 1994 PA NUMBER: PA-94-049 P.T. 34 Keywords: Immune System Environmental Effects National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases PURPOSE The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) announce their interest in receiving individual research grant applications for support of studies on the interactions between environmental substances and their effects on immune function, which last appeared in the NIH Guide, Vol.
23, June 14, 1991, Page 5. The objective is to promote research at the molecular and cellular level to better understand mechanisms of environmentally-induced aberrations within the immune system in order to gain insight into approaches to mitigate the effects of such agents.
These agents are substances that may be present in the natural environment or have been added by human activities and are known to or are suspected of inducing illnesses that affect or involve the immune systems. The NIAID is the principal agency that supports fundamental research concerned with the structure and function of the immune system in health and disease. The acquisition of new and deeper knowledge about the immune system is requisite to the development of improved procedures for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of immunological diseases and of diseases having a major immunological component. The interest of the NIAID in environmental toxicology is predicated on the strong likelihood that the analysis of interactions between noxious substances in the environment and the immune system can provide insight, from a largely-ignored perspective, on some of the typical functions of the immune system, the adaptability and plasticity of the immune system, and the susceptibility of the immune system to abnormalities induced by chemical and physical insult. The NIEHS is the principal Federal funding agency for support of basic research on environmental factors that contribute to human health problems and disease. Major emphasis by NIEHS is placed upon research examining those physical and chemical substances resulting from industrial progress.
Immune System Test Quizlet
However, there also are many natural environmental substances which have been found to have deleterious effects on human health and are within the purview of the NIEHS mission. Many of these substances cause human health problems by disrupting normal immune function which can lead to a disease state.
HEALTHY PEOPLE 2000 The Public Health Service (PHS) is committed to achieving the health promotion and disease prevention objectives of 'Healthy People 2000,' a PHS-led national activity for setting priority areas. This PA, Studies on Environmental Toxicants and the Immune System, is related to the priority area of environmental health. Potential applicants may obtain a copy of 'Healthy People 2000' (Full Report: Stock No.
017-001-00474-0) or 'Healthy People 2000' (Summary Report: Stock No. 017-001-00473-1) through the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington DC (telephone 202-783-3238). ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS Applications may be submitted by domestic and foreign for-profit and non-profit organizations, public and private, such as universities, colleges, hospitals, laboratories, units of state or local governments, and eligible agencies in the Federal government. Foreign institutions are not eligible for First Independent Research Support and Transition (FIRST) (R29) awards. Applications from minority individuals and women are encouraged. MECHANISM OF SUPPORT This PA will use the National Institutes of Health (NIH) individual research grant (R01) and FIRST (R29) award. Responsibility for planning, direction, and execution of the proposed project will be solely that of the applicant.
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The effects of environmental toxicants may be divided into three broad categories: suppression/inhibition of immunological competence; initiation or triggering of autoimmunity; and stimulation of allergic/hypersensitivity reactions. Although the NIEHS and NIAID have overlapping interests with respect to each of these categories of effect, it is reasonable to state that the interests of NIEHS center on the effects of chemical/physical agents that suppress or reduce the capacity of the immune system. The interests of NIAID are more focussed on the actions of chemical/physical agents that precipitate or lead to autoimmune and allergic disorders. NIEHS's interests are to identify and characterize the mechanisms of action of substances that affect the immune system and to determine the magnitude and consequences of exposure to such substances.
NIAID is concerned with understanding the immuno-physiological processes that are affected by environmental agents and elucidating the pathogenesis of the disorders that they cause. Both Institutes are interested in approaches that may mitigate the noxious effects of environmental agents and in the development of improved animal and in vitro models for studying the effects of noxious substances. Research Goals and Scope These applications should emphasize mechanisms rather than mere descriptions of processes. They should utilize state-of-the-art immunology, biochemistry, and molecular biology in such investigations. The following are examples of projects/topics that would be of interest but are not meant to present the full range of possibilities: o Determine the mechanisms by which toxicants affect individual components of the immune system; e.g., on cellular components such as antigen-processing cells (APC), B- lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.
O Identification of the actual immunogenic components (fragments, molecular conjugates, etc.) and epitopes of toxicants that trigger allergic/hypersensitive responses or autoimmunity, and detailed analyses of their processing by APC and presentation to T- and B-cells. O Development of in vitro systems for systematic quantitative analyses and mechanisms of action of toxicants on individual cellular components of the immune system: APC, B-cells and T-cells. O Comprehensive studies on toxicant-induced allergic/hypersensitive responses designed to reveal the roles of components such as T-cells, APC, IgE-producing B- cells, IgE molecules, leukocytes and mediator substances in the development and manifestation of those responses. O Development of approaches to prevent or reduce the undesirable effects of toxicants on the immune system; e.g., appropriate pre-immunization ('vaccination') against toxicants or preparation of monoclonal antibodies capable of nullifying the effects of toxicants. O Evaluation of the effects of 'natural' levels of toxins on the immune system.
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O Studies on the genetics of susceptibility and resistance to the effects of toxic substances. O Studies on the genetic control of susceptibility and resistance to those effects of toxicants that lead to autoimmune or allergic disorders. O Studies on the pharmacologic control of susceptibility of the immune system to toxic substances. O Studies on dual effects of toxic agents such as simultaneous inactivation of certain components of the immune system and activation of other components. O Studies on toxicant-triggered expression of stress proteins (e.g., heat-shock proteins) and special receptors such as those for aromatic hydrocarbons controlled by the 'Ah' genetic locus and found in leukocytes; and the roles of such protein in the effects of toxicants on immune functions. O Studies on aberrations in the elaboration and functions of cytokines and cytokine receptors induced by toxicants.
O Synergistic actions of physical/chemical agents either with each other (e.g., a chemical and UV-B or two chemicals) or with other agents such as viruses or oncogenes. STUDY POPULATIONS INCLUSION OF WOMEN AND MINORITIES IN RESEARCH INVOLVING HUMAN SUBJECTS It is the policy of the NIH that women and members of minority groups and their subpopulations must be included in all NIH supported biomedical and behavioral research projects involving human subjects, unless a clear and compelling rationale and justification is provided that inclusion is inappropriate with respect to the health of the subjects or the purpose of the research. This new policy results from the NIH Revitalization Act of 1993 (Section 492B of Public Law 103-43) and supersedes and strengthens the previous policies (Concerning the Inclusion of Women in Study Populations, and Concerning the Inclusion of Minorities in Study Populations), which have been in effect since 1990. The new policy contains some provisions that are substantially different from the 1990 policies. All investigators proposing research involving human subjects should read the 'NIH Guidelines For Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research,' which have been published in the Federal Register of March 9, 1994 (FR 59 1) and reprinted in the NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts, Volume 23, Number 11, March 18, 1994.
Investigators also may obtain copies of the policy from the program staff listed under INQUIRIES. Program staff may also provide additional relevant information concerning the policy.